Even with my decidedly non-scientific mind, I've thought for years now that battery technology (need 'em smaller, lighter, more powerful, less expensive) has been the anchor that's holding back a lot of tech advancement. This is something that's long overdue.

This could change the game for coastal defense submarines...

Potential Coronavirus Vaccine Completed and Shipped For Further Testing

As the coronavirus outbreak continues to spread, an experimental vaccine to combat the disease is on its way to the top health officials.

The biotech company Moderna Inc., located in Cambridge, announced that it has shipped the first batch of vaccination for early-stage testing.

The vaccine vials are sent to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda after being manufactured at a facility in Norwood.

The US government researchers will launch the first human tests of whether the experimental shot could help suppress the Wuhan epidemic, originated in China.

Scientists from all around the world are racing to find a vaccine for the coronavirus, and time will show whether the new vaccine prevails or not.

It is expected for the institute to start clinical trials by the end of April. If a successful trial occurs, it will be followed by in-depth studies and regulations. It is probable that the vaccine might not be ready for distribution until at least next year.

Currently, there are 79,773 cases of coronavirus infections, with 40,305 in mild condition, and 11,567 in critical condition. With 2,629 people deceased, and 25,272 recovered, this new vaccine might be the beam of hope for many people globally.

Did you know the US government once had plans to design a spacecraft powered by nuclear reaction?

Humanity may not need a warp drive to go interstellar

[...]

It is not widely known, but the US government spent real money, tested hardware and employed some of the best minds in late 1950s and early 60s to develop an idea called nuclear pulse propulsion.

Known as Project Orion, the work was classified because the principle was that your engine shoots a series of “nuclear pulse units”—atomic bombs of roughly Hiroshima/Nagasaki power—out the back. Each unit explodes and the shockwave delivers concussive force to an immense, steal pusher plate, which is connected to the most immense shock absorber system that you could imagine.

https://i.imgur.com/JBk9u2Y.png
An Orion propulsion schematic. (Credit: NASA)

The researchers calculated the ship to could reach five percent the speed of light (0.05 c), resulting in roughly a 90-year travel time to Alpha Centauri. The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963, which forbade nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, and the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which forbade nuclear explosive devices in space, effectively ended Orion.

In his epic TV series Cosmos, Carl Sagan noted such an engine would be an excellent way to dispose of humanity’s nuclear bombs, but that it would have to be activated far from Earth. But back when Orion was being funded, amazingly, the plan was to use the nuclear pulse engine even for launching the vessel, in one massive piece, from the surface of Earth. :eek:Suffice it to say it does not seem likely that we’ll every build a nuclear pulse ship, but it’s something that we already have the technology to build.

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Seems like setting off an atomic bomb to launch a spaceship, might not be the best of plans. Could be wrong about that.



Could we ask Japan on what they think about it?

Awesome!

The concept of a craft scooting all over the cosmos while farting nuclear detonations is funny, though

I think that concept has been around for a long time. I remember reading about it in college. We were much more into nuclear explosions then.

How does the new CORVID-19 disease work?

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ISS docking simulator:

https://iss-sim.spacex.com/

COOL!

Cross-posting this from another thread:

Not that I expect anyone to take the 10 hours to watch it all, but this YouTube series on the history of science is fascinating. It's all stuff you've probably heard bits and pieces of, but it's fun to rapidly run through all of the crazy twists and turns that "science" has made over the millenia.

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?lis...PDH5TKK2UpU8Ng

Probably my favorite thing about it is that it points out all the ridiculous stuff people used to believe (e.g., the four elements are earth, air, fire, and water), but by walking through it historically you can see how they got there and the logic of it.

Got it on the second try. It's definitely a slow-and-steady kind of deal. I think it took me probably 10 minutes to get it right.

But that probably makes it a good simulator. I think the real deal takes more like 30 minutes.

This was fantastic. Got it on the third try.

Just to make sure people know (since it's otherwise in the Space Exploration thread), the manned launch is happening in two weeks.

If a lay history of science is your bag, few have done it better than Bill Bryson

https://pictures.abebooks.com/isbn/9780552997041-us.jpg

https://play.google.com/store/audiob...WoJAM&hl=en_US

I almost mentioned that book. Also, the James Burke series Connections that told stories about the history of science by showing how one advancement led to another which led to another in sometimes unexpected ways.

That show was incredible.

My local library had this for free on audio book. It was incredibly well written.

Cool. I'm going to have to check this out. It'll probably give me some good ammo for those who ridicule me because I'm able to see that the ideas that that man came from an ape, that life came from non-life and that the Earth is billions of years old are all laughable non-science. And that those falsehoods, like the items in the article, will be eventually be proven wrong as well.

Uh, oh... Checkmate, Science.

Have fun, just know that posting about 'ammo-ing up' is incompatible with receiving pity for incoming fire.

Just a question: how do you explain radioactive decay?

<blockquote class="reddit-card" data-card-created="1589772384"><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/glffro/boston_dynamics_upgrade/">Boston dynamics upgrade.</a> from <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/funny">r/funny</a></blockquote>
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Easy. It's fake news.

Labs rats disagree

good discussion on reading
 

I find this discussion very interesting for readers

So... mummies...



Check this link, for a list of virtual tours of many different Egyptian tombs and such available to the public. As well as many art museums.
I really enjoyed some of these....

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23045303

For instance my favorite... the tomb of Pharaoh Ramesses V/IV: https://my.matterport.com/show/?m=NeiMEZa9d93

Tip: You can navigate to any circle on the ground, and zoom in and out as much as the resolution allows...

Amazing stuff! :thumb:

Very inspiring and humbling

@26:50 is a jaw-dropper

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Very cool video with 2 outstanding observations:

1. The Blue Angle pilot at 27:00 was one of the coolest cucumbers I've seen interviewed
2. What the heck is that alien looking thing hanging on the wall over his left shoulder after the interview?

:thumb:

Not bragging (well maybe a little) but got it on the first try. However, I'll admit it was the equivalent of a 90 year old woman doing a 16 point turn.

ROFL - from the comments

I love Crash Course. I'm about halfway through their World History collection.

Crash Course and Kurzegast (or however you spell it) are probably my two favorite YouTube channels for learning.

Probably heard of him already if you enjoy this genre but just in case you haven't: https://www.dancarlin.com/

On my list lol heard nothing but great things about his content, just haven't had the chance to get around to listening yet.

Did you know that China is still banned from the ISS?

Here's the interesting story behind it:

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Evolutionary craziness.. Our human eyes actually view the world upside down. Our brain then flips that image so we can comprehend it...

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How Our Eyes See Everything Upside Down

The model of vision as we now know it first appeared in the 16th century, when Felix Platter proposed that the eye functions as an optic and the retina as a receptor. Light from an external source enters through the cornea and is refracted by the lens, forming an image on the retina—the light-sensitive membrane located in the back of the eye. The retina detects photons of light and responds by firing neural impulses along the optic nerve to the brain.

There’s an unlikely sounding quirk to this set-up, which is that mechanically speaking, our eyes see everything upside down. That’s because the process of refraction through a convex lens causes the image to be flipped, so when the image hits your retina, it’s completely inverted. Réné Descartes proved this in the 17th century by setting a screen in place of the retina in a bull’s excised eyeball. The image that appeared on the screen was a smaller, inverted copy of the scene in front of the bull’s eye.

So why doesn’t the world look upside down to us? The answer lies in the power of the brain to adapt the sensory information it receives and make it fit with what it already knows. Essentially, your brain takes the raw, inverted data and turns it into a coherent, right-side-up image. If you’re in any doubt as to the truth of this, try gently pressing the bottom right side of your eyeball through your bottom eyelid—you should see a black spot appear at the top left side of your vision, proving the image has been flipped.

In the 1890s, psychologist George Stratton carried out a series of experiments [PDF] to test the mind’s ability to normalize sensory data. In one experiment he wore a set of reversing glasses that flipped his vision upside down for eight days. For the first four days of the experiment, his vision remained inverted, but by day five, it had spontaneously turned right side up, as his perception had adapted to the new information.

That’s not the only clever trick your brain has up its sleeve. The image that hits each of your retinas is a flat, 2D projection. Your brain has to overlay these two images to form one seamless 3D image in your mind—giving you depth perception that’s accurate enough to catch a ball, shoot baskets, or hit a distant target.

Your brain is also tasked with filling in the blanks where visual data is missing. The optic disc, or blind spot, is an area on the retina where the blood vessels and optic nerve are attached, so it has no visual receptor cells. But unless you use tricks to locate this blank hole in your vision, you’d never even notice it was there, simply because your brain is so good at joining the dots.

Another example is color perception; most of the 6 to 7 million cone photoreceptor cells in the eye that detect color are crowded within the fovea centralis at the center of the retina. At the periphery of your vision, you pretty much only see in black and white. Yet we perceive a continuous, full-color image from edge to edge because the brain is able to extrapolate from the information it already has.

This power of the mind to piece together incomplete data using assumptions based on previous experience has been labeled "unconscious inference" by scientists. As it draws on our past experiences, it’s not a skill we are born with; we have to learn it. It’s believed that for the first few days of life babies see the world upside down, as their brains just haven’t learned to flip the raw visual data yet. So don’t be alarmed if a newborn looks confused when you smile—they’re probably just trying to work out which way up your head is.

Yeah, camera obscura.

https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/client/to_...4g5ihlzbwg.jpg

Did you happen to see 'Tim's Vermeer?'

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This is what it looks like when an astronaut spends ~200 days in zero G on the ISS, and has to come back to Earth and deal with gravity again....

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Nope. But I'm checking that out now. Thanks!

What if we built a huge radio telescope on the far side of the moon?

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The FARSIDE telescope

Burns and his colleagues recently completed a NASA-funded study for a rover-deployed radio telescope that would spread out 128 antennas in a flowerlike shape about 6 miles (10 kilometers) wide. They call their project the Farside Array for Radio Science Investigations of the Dark ages and Exoplanets. Or, more succinctly, FARSIDE.

FARSIDE would study the magnetic fields of planets around distant stars, helping astronomers better understand which exoplanets might be truly habitable. The telescope would also give astronomers their first real chance to study a pivotal period of early cosmological history called the “Dark Ages.” During this epoch, both stars and galaxies hadn’t yet formed, so researchers can't see any of the matter that existed at the time.

NASA also funded another study on a proposal aimed at building an Arecibo-style radio telescope inside of a lunar crater, a project led by Jet Propulsion Laboratory robotics technologist Saptarshi Bandyopadhyay. After spending three years going through various designs of the telescope, he recently received funding from the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts to continue pursuing the project.

And while multiple lunar telescope proposals are now closer to reality than any others in recent decades, "We still have a long road ahead," Bandyopadhyay says.

But Burns is optimistic. He’s now working with Jeff Bezos’ space company, Blue Origin, which has built a Moon lander capable of landing 5 tons’ worth of cargo on the lunar surface. That’s more than enough to carry FARSIDE. All they need now is the roughly $1 billion in funding to make it happen.

https://astronomy.com/news/2020/06/t...es-on-the-moon

Yeah we’ve evolved to have the effects of gravity. Interesting to see how it will play out when we go interstellar

So, the sun had a pretty impressive solar storm this week.

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Imagine seeing this beast, and you're holding a wooden spear....

https://i.imgur.com/WlOKAZ4.jpg

The Giant Short-Faced Bear
Arctodus simus

The Fastest Running Bear That Ever Lived

Also called the bulldog bear, the giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) was undoubtedly the fastest running bear that ever lived. Rangier and longer legged than any bear today, it was about five feet at the shoulders when walking and stood as tall as 12 feet on its hind legs. Unlike pigeon-toed modern bears, its toes pointed straight forward, enabling it to walk with a fast, purposeful gait. It probably could run over 40 miles per hour despite weighing over 1500 pounds.

On 4 feet, he was 5½ to 6 feet at the shoulders.

With the front legs straight, the skeleton is 66 inches to the top of the shoulder blades (the big shield-shaped shoulder bones). If short-faced bears had a hump of muscle on the shoulders, he could have been as much as 6 feet at the shoulders.

On 2 legs, he stood 11 to 12 feet tall.

From the crown to the hip joint and down to the heel is 134 inches. That’s 11 feet, 2 inches standing up looking at you or peering down through a basketball hoop. He could look up and bite a branch 12 feet high.

He could reach up 14½ to 15 feet.

He could reach 2 ½ to 3 feet higher with a paw than he could reach with his mouth. This skeleton measures 72 inches from the center of the shoulder blade to the tips of the toes (adding 2 inches for the missing claws). Subtracting 42 inches from the center of the shoulder blade to the tip of the nose, this bear could reach 30 inches above his up-stretched nose—to at least 14½ feet. If he rotated his shoulder upward a few inches, he could reach even higher. Ice Age campers had to hang their food higher than campers do today.

Artemis explained....

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That is so ambitious. I love it.

Shit goes in the Nope thread. ****ing bears are terrifying to start with.

Not to be confused with the more amusing shit-faced bear

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Archaeologists discovered an ancient city buried 30 miles outside Rome without ever digging it up

https://www.businessinsider.com/arch...ik3fKENHq868Fs

https://i.insider.com/5ee2881bf0f419...jpeg&auto=webp

We now have probes so far away from Earth that star constellations are different... that''s crazy.....

NASA’s New Horizons Conducts the First Interstellar Parallax Experiment

For the first time, a spacecraft has sent back pictures of the sky from so far away that some stars appear to be in different positions than we'd see from Earth.

More than four billion miles from home and speeding toward interstellar space, NASA's New Horizons has traveled so far that it now has a unique view of the nearest stars. “It’s fair to say that New Horizons is looking at an alien sky, unlike what we see from Earth,” said Alan Stern, New Horizons principal investigator from Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado. “And that has allowed us to do something that had never been accomplished before — to see the nearest stars visibly displaced on the sky from the positions we see them on Earth.”

On April 22-23, the spacecraft turned its long-range telescopic camera to a pair of the “closest” stars, Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359, showing just how they appear in different places than we see from Earth. Scientists have long used this “parallax effect” – how a star appears to shift against its background when seen from different locations -- to measure distances to stars.

An easy way to see parallax is to place one finger at arm’s length and watch it jump back and forth when you view it successively with each eye. Similarly, as Earth makes it way around the Sun, the stars shift their positions. But because even the nearest stars are hundreds of thousands of times farther away than the diameter of Earth’s orbit, the parallax shifts are tiny, and can only be measured with precise instrumentation.

“No human eye can detect these shifts,” Stern said.

But when New Horizons images are paired with pictures of the same stars taken on the same dates by telescopes on Earth, the parallax shift is instantly visible. The combination yields a 3D view of the stars “floating” in front of their background star fields.

“The New Horizons experiment provides the largest parallax baseline ever made -- over 4 billion miles -- and is the first demonstration of an easily observable stellar parallax,” said Tod Lauer, New Horizons science team member from the National Science Foundation's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory who coordinated the parallax demonstration.

"The New Horizons spacecraft is truly a mission of firsts, and this demonstration of stellar parallax is no different" said Kenneth Hansen, New Horizons program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "The New Horizons spacecraft continues to speed away from Earth toward interstellar space and is continuing to return exciting new data for planetary science."

Working in Stereo

Lauer, New Horizons Deputy Project Scientist John Spencer, of SwRI, and science team collaborator, astrophysicist, Queen guitarist and stereo imaging enthusiast Brian May created the images that clearly show the effect of the vast distance between Earth and the two nearby stars.

“It could be argued that in astro-stereoscopy -- 3D images of astronomical objects – NASA’s New Horizons team already leads the field, having delivered astounding stereoscopic images of both Pluto and the remote Kuiper Belt object Arrokoth,” May said. “But the latest New Horizons stereoscopic experiment breaks all records. These photographs of Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359 – stars that are well-known to amateur astronomers and science fiction aficionados alike -- employ the largest distance between viewpoints ever achieved in 180 years of stereoscopy!”

The companion images of Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359 were provided by the Las Cumbres Observatory, operating a remote telescope at Siding Spring Observatory in Australia, and astronomers John Kielkopf, University of Louisville, and Karen Collins, Harvard and Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, operating a remote telescope at Mt. Lemmon Observatory in Arizona.

“The professional and amateur astronomy communities had been waiting to try this, and were very excited to make a little space exploration history,” said Lauer. “The images collected on Earth when New Horizons was observing Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359 really exceeded my expectations.”

Download the images (and learn more about creating and posting your own parallax perspectives) at http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Learn/Parall...lax-Images.php

An Interstellar Navigation First

Throughout history, navigators have used measurements of the stars to establish their position on Earth. Interstellar navigators can do the same to establish their position in the galaxy, using a technique that New Horizons has demonstrated for the first time. While radio tracking by NASA’s Deep Space Network is far more accurate, its first use is a significant milestone in what may someday become human exploration of the galaxy.

At the time of the observations, New Horizons was more than 4.3 billion miles (about 7 billion kilometers) from Earth, where a radio signal, traveling at the speed of light, needed just under 6 hours and 30 minutes to reach home.

Launched in 2006, New Horizons is the first mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. It explored Pluto and its moons in July 2015 -- completing the space-age reconnaissance of the planets that started 50 years earlier -- and continued on its unparalleled voyage of exploration with the close flyby of Kuiper Belt object Arrokoth in January 2019. New Horizons will eventually leave the solar system, joining the Voyagers and Pioneers on their paths to the stars.

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, designed, built and operates the New Horizons spacecraft, and manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate. The MSFC Planetary Management Office provides the NASA oversight for the New Horizons. Southwest Research Institute, based in San Antonio, directs the mission via Principal Investigator Stern, and leads the science team, payload operations and encounter science planning. New Horizons is part of the New Frontiers Program managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

CRISPR has now genetically cured 3 humans pre-birth. Pretty big deal....

Three people with inherited diseases successfully treated with CRISPR


Two people with beta thalassaemia and one with sickle cell disease no longer require blood transfusions, which are normally used to treat severe forms of these inherited diseases, after their bone marrow stem cells were gene-edited with CRISPR.

Result of the ongoing trial, which is the first to use CRISPR to treat inherited genetic disorders, were announced today at a virtual meeting of the European Hematology Association.

“The preliminary results… demonstrate, in essence, a functional cure for patients with beta thalassaemia and sickle cell disease,” team member Haydar Frangoul at Sarah Cannon Research Institute in Nashville, Tennessee, said in a statement.

Beta thalassaemia and sickle cell are diseases caused by mutations that affect haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. Those with severe forms require regular blood transfusions.

However, a few people with the disease-causing mutations never show any symptoms, because they keep producing fetal haemoglobin in adulthood. Normally, fetal haemoglobin stops being produced soon after birth.



Read more: https://www.newscientist.com/article...#ixzz6PKBOV6Jy

Divers get “pinged” by a submarine’s active SONAR.

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Archery + bullets = Science??

Nah, maybe not but entertaining..

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Who's up for a one way ticket to deep space? This might be the start...

For the first time, humans have been placed in biostasis

Biostasis, or "suspended animation," is a hibernation-like technique that researchers and doctors believe could help save many lives in the future. Indeed, at present, there are already short or partial techniques that have an almost automatic and natural reversibility.

And now, scientists have been able to take a step further in this area: doctors have placed humans in biostasis for the first time, in a trial conducted in the United States and intended to allow the repair of traumatic lesions that otherwise would cause death.

Samuel Tisherman, of the University of Maryland's Faculty of Medicine, said his team of doctors had placed at least one suspended animation patient, calling this world premiere a "somewhat surreal" event. That is, Tisherman has not yet revealed the number of people who survived following the test.


The main goal is to prevent an impending death by ischemia
The technique used by the Tisherman team is officially called Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation (EPR). This is a medical procedure in which a patient is placed on biostasis for a period of time to prevent imminent death caused by ischemia, such as blood loss from a bullet or stab.

This technique is being tested on patients at the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore. More specifically, in patients with acute trauma (as mentioned above, who, for example, have a gunshot or knife wound) and have suffered cardiac arrest.

Following the trauma, their heart will have stopped beating and they may have lost more than half of their total amount of blood. In this situation, there are only a few minutes of life for patients, with less than 5% chance of survival, at least in normal times ...


Biostasis: rapid cooling of the body by replacing blood
Biostasis involves rapidly cooling a person to about 10 to 15 ° C by replacing all his blood with a very cold saline solution. In doing so, the brain activity of the patient stops almost completely. He is then disconnected from the cooling system and the body (which would otherwise be classified as dead) is transferred to the operating room. From this point on, the surgical team has approximately 2 hours to repair the person's wounds before the person warms up again, and his / her heart starts up again.

Now, Tisherman hopes to be able to announce the full results of the test by the end of 2020.

It should be known that a so-called normal body temperature is about 37 ° C, and our cells need a constant supply of oxygen to produce energy and therefore survive. When our heart stops beating, the blood no longer transports oxygen to the cells, and without it our brain can only survive for about 5 minutes before irreversible damage occurs.

However, lowering body and brain temperature slows down or stops all chemical reactions in our cells, which therefore require less oxygen.

The test has been approved by the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration). In fact, the FDA has decided not to require patients' consent, as they believe the injuries of the patients may be fatal and that in any case there will be no alternative treatment.


Gives surgeons more time to save more lives
Tisherman's interest in trauma research began with an early incident in his career in which a young man was stabbed to the heart after an altercation.

"He was a healthy young man a few minutes ago, and suddenly he was dead. We could have saved him if we had enough time, "he says. This event led him to begin to look for ways in which cooling the body could give surgeons more time to do their jobs, and save lives.

Studies in animals have already shown very promising results: for example, pigs with acute trauma could be cooled for 3 hours, then treated, and then resuscitated.

" We felt it was time to apply this technology to our patients, " said Tisherman. " We are doing it now and we are learning a lot as we go through the trial. Once we have proven that it works (on human patients), we can expand the utility of this technique to help some patients in critical conditions to survive, which would otherwise be impossible, "he added. " I want to make it clear that we are not trying to send people to Saturn. We are just trying to save time to save lives, "he said.

At present, we do not know exactly how much time we have precisely when such a cooling of the body. And when a person's cells are warmed up later, they can be damaged and can cause a range of chemical reactions, potentially damaging them again. To sum up, the longer the cells stay without oxygen, the greater the damage will be.

According to Tisherman, it would be entirely possible to administer a cocktail of drugs to patients in order to minimize injuries and prolong the duration of the biostasis, "but we have not yet identified all the causes of the injuries due to reperfusion, "he says. It was last Monday, at a symposium at the New York Academy of Sciences, that Tisherman described the progress of the team.

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I hate it when that happens.

None of this is particularly new, but it is concise and compelling and seems to build on the notions introduced clear back in OP. . .

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Awesome. Rep...

That was cool, but I wonder what he was tripping on.

What the **** is reality doing here in the first place?

This reminds me of something I found out is streamed free on YT.

It's nearing 1/2 century old, but lays out the practicalities of the byzantine interconnectedness of modern life. How things became how they are and are so ingrained we've forgotten. . . .

It's several episodes, but the first one queues up the next and so on.

It's a little laconic in its progress, and a little . . . 70s . . . in it's presentation. But it's worth digesting. Kind of like a minor 'Cosmos' for everyday tech.

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Also, an perhaps more importantly [time will tell] Netflix has a new pending series in the same vein . . . called, creatively, 'Connected' it explores the same type of stuff in a more modern journalistic manner. But it hasn't aired yet, so I have no input on it's worth or value.

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How many muscles do humans have in their fingers and thumb?

Elements in the Human Body and What They Do

Can you name the elements in the human body and what they do? Nearly 99% of the mass of your human body consists of just 6 chemical elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Another 5 elements make up most of the last percentage point: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium. Here’s a look at these elements in their pure form and their function in the human body. Note that the percentage are estimates. Hydration level (how much water you drink) makes a big impact on the amount of oxygen and hydrogen in your body and affects the relative composition of the rest of the elements in your body.

https://i.imgur.com/FaRoglz.png

This periodic table shows the percent composition of the average human body. So, for example, oxygen accounts for 65% of the mass of the body, while nitrogen is 3% and so on. It’s worth noting most of the noble metals are not found in detectable quantities in the body. Neither are the noble gases. In both cases, the two sets of elements are fairly inert. The synthetic radioactive elements are missing, but a few natural radioactive elements, such as radium, thorium, and uranium are found in trace quantities.

Function of Elements in the Body

Oxygen (O) – 65% of body weight

Atomic Number: 8

Liquid oxygen is blue. (Warwick Hillier)
Oxygen is the most abundant element in the human body. It’s mainly found bound to hydrogen in the form of water. Water, in turn, makes up about 60% of the human body and participates in countless metabolic reactions. The element oxygen acts as an electron acceptor and oxidizing agent. It is found in all four of the major classes of organic molecules: protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Because it is a key element in aerobic cellular respiration, large amounts of oxygen are found in the lungs and in the bloodstream. Hemoglobin in blood bind the oxygen molecule, O2, from inhaled air. Oxygen is used by the mitochondria in cells to produce the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate or ATP. While it’s essential for human life, too much oxygen can be deadly, as it can lead to oxidative damage to cells and tissues.

Carbon (C) – 18% of body weight

Atomic Number: 6

Carbon Graphite (USGS)
Carbon is the second most abundant element in the human body and the element that is considered the basis of organic chemistry. Every single organic molecule in your body contains carbon. The element bonds to itself to form chains and ring structures that serve as the basis for all metabolic reactions in the body. Carbon in carbon dioxide is expelled as a waste product when you breathe.

Hydrogen (H) – 10% of body weight

Atomic Number: 1

Hydrogen Discharge Tube (Alchemist-hp)
Most of the hydrogen in the body is bound with oxygen to form water, H2O. Hydrogen, like carbon, is found in every single organic molecule in the body. Hydrogen also acts as a proton or positive ion in chemical reactions.

Nitrogen (N) – 3% of body weight

Atomic Number: 7

Liquid NItrogen (Cory Doctorow)
Because most of air consists of nitrogen, nitrogen gas is found in the lungs, but it is not absorbed into the body that way. Humans get nitrogen from food. The element is an important component of amino acids, which are used to build peptides and proteins. Nitrogen is also an essential component of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA and all of the other molecules derived from the nitrogenous bases.

Calcium (Ca) – 1.4% of body weight

Atomic Number: 20

Calcium Metal (Tomihahndorf)
About 99% of the body’s calcium is found in bones and teeth, where the element is used to build strong structural compounds, such as hydroxyapatite. Although most of the calcium is in bones and teeth, this is not the mineral’s most important function. Calcium is an important ion, used in muscle contraction and protein regulation. If any critical function has insufficient calcium, the body will actually pull it out of the bones and teeth. This can lead to osteoporosis and other problems, so it’s important to get enough dietary calcium.

Phosphorus (P) – 1% of body weight

Atomic Number: 15

Phosphorus Allotropes (Materialscientist)
Like calcium, the element and mineral phosphorus is found in the bones and teeth. The element is also found in nucleic acids and energy molecules, such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Potassium (K) – 0.25%

Atomic Number: 19

Electrochemistry in the body depends on ions. Of these, the cation potassium is among the most important. Potassium is used in nerve conduction and regulating the heart beat. All cells in the body require potassium in order to function.

Sulfur (S) – 0.25%

Atomic Number: 16

Sulfur is found in several important amino acids, which are used to build proteins in the body. Sulfur is found in biotin, methionine, thiamine, and cysteine.

Sodium (Na) – 0.15%

Atomic Number: 11

Sodium, like potassium, is an essential cation. This element is important for nerve transmission and muscle function.

Chlorine (Cl) – 0.15%

Atomic Number: 17

Chlorine is an important anion. One of its functions involves the transport of the enzyme ATPase, which is used to supply energy for biochemical reactions. Chlorine is used to make hydrochloric acid, which is found in the stomach and digests food.

Magnesium (Mg) – 0.005%

Atomic Number: 12

Magnesium binds to ATP and nucleotides. Its cation is an important cofactor for enzymatic reactions. Magnesium is used to build healthy teeth and bones.

Trace elements include iron, fluorine, zinc, silicon, rubidium, strontium, bromine, lead, copper, and many more. Some trace elements are essential or have a beneficial effect on the body, while others have no known function or appear to be toxic.

The Science of Coke and Mentos

https://media.tenor.com/images/5e1b5...02c7/tenor.gif

How Does This Work?
Why do Diet Coke & Mentos and Coke Zero & Mentos create such exciting geysers?

It’s mostly due to a process called nucleation, where the carbon dioxide in the soda is attracted to the Mentos (they are awfully cute). That creates so much pressure that the soda goes flying. We then built nozzles that make the opening smaller and that makes the geysers go even higher.

So what is nucleation about and why do Mentos release all this pressure so spectacularly? Read on…

Making Lots of Bubbles
After a lot of debate, scientists are now saying that the primary cause of Coke & Mentos geysers is a physical reaction, not a chemical reaction. Their explanation is this process called nucleation.

All the carbon dioxide in the soda – all that fizz – is squeezed into the liquid and looking for a way out. It’s drawn to any tiny bumps that it can grab onto. Those tiny bumps are called nucleation sites: places the gas can grab onto and start forming bubbles.

Nucleation sites can be scratches on a glass, the ridges of your finger, or even specks of dust – anywhere that there is a high surface area in a very small volume.

The surface of a Mentos is sprayed with over 40 microscopic layers of liquid sugar. That makes it not only sweet but also covered with lots and lots of nucleation sites.

In other words, there are so many microscopic nooks and crannies on the surface of a Mentos that an incredible number of bubbles will form around the Mentos when you drop it into a bottle of soda.

Since the Mentos are also heavy enough to sink, they react with the soda all the way to the bottom. The escaping bubbles quickly turn into a raging foam, and the pressure builds dramatically.

All that pressure has got to go somewhere, and before you know it, you've got a big geyser happening!

Try This at Home!
This is a great thing to try yourself – if you’re careful. Here’s how. Make sure you wear your goggles and lab coats, so that you are not only protected, you also look cool as you run away from the flying soda.

The Big Question
What happens if you drink soda and then eat Mentos? Well, a lot of the fizz goes away as you drink. Then when bubbles are released in your stomach, your stomach can expand a bit. And your stomach also has ways of, umm, releasing excess gas… The MythBusters showed that your stomach won’t explode, but it still wouldn’t be a lot of fun. Do not, repeat, do not be stupid and test the limits of your stomach. Don't even think about it.

What Else Works?
We've tested everything from Mountain Dew & Lifesavers to Moxie & M&M's. Shockingly enough, dropping just about anything into just about any kind of soda creates at least a little fizz. Even some pocket change made a bottle of root beer bubble up a bit. But the combination of Coke Zero & Mentos is particularly potent!

Does It Have to be Diet?
Diet Coke and Coke Zero tend to go a bit higher than regular soda, because they have a little more carbonation and the sweeteners help make the reaction a little bigger. Most importantly, Coke Zero and Diet Coke aren’t sugary and sticky. Every time we set off a big geyser display, we get soaked to the skin, so it’s nice not to get covered in sugary goo.

<blockquote class="reddit-card" data-card-created="1597268891"><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/i818q7/formula_1_thermal_camera_on_sergio_perezs_car_at/">Formula 1 thermal camera on Sergio Perez’s car at Monza.</a> from <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting">r/Damnthatsinteresting</a></blockquote>
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:eek:

How fast do raindrops fall?

This question is tricky because some precipitating raindrops may not fall at all, if the surrounding wind has a sufficiently strong upward component. In still air, the terminal speed of a raindrop is an increasing function of the size of the drop, reaching a maximum of about 10 meters per second (20 knots) for the largest drops. To reach the ground from, say, 4000 meters up, such a raindrop will take at least 400 seconds, or about seven minutes.

https://gpm.nasa.gov/resources/faq/h...raindrops-fall

LOL, goats....

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Go Ahead, Little Goat, Eat Some Poison Ivy. It Won't Hurt A Bit

Oh, those goats? I got them from Amazon!

The online giant is testing out a "Home Services" line. You can get a TV mounted on your wall. You can find a plumber. And you can rent a herd of goats to chomp on unwanted vegetation in your yard.

I typed my Maryland ZIP code into "Hire a Goat Grazer." Sorry, "no providers available." It turns out that Amazon is wrangling goats only in the Seattle area right now, although a spokesman promises that more cities will be added.

As a goat admirer and editor of a blog called "Goats and Soda," I wanted to learn more about the grazing habits of goats — especially their alleged immunity to poison ivy. For enlightenment, I turned to Jean-Marie Luginbuhl, professor of crop science and animal science at North Carolina State University.

Why are goats not allergic to poison ivy?

We don't really know.

Do you have any theories?

If you look at the world population of goats, which is about 937 million, 95 percent of them are within the tropics, north and south of the equator. So they evolved in very arid areas and basically had to survive on plants that contained noxious compounds. So goats evolved this ability to detoxify noxious compounds much better than cattle or sheep [can]. I think that's one of the reasons.

If a goat ate poison ivy, could I catch poison ivy from that goat's milk?

Some people have had concern that whatever compound [a goat ate] would be passed into the milk. But it's not.

And just to confirm: Cattle and sheep might get sick from a plant that wouldn't bother a goat.

When you look at books that talk about poisonous plants to livestock, a lot of the data are from cattle or sheep. If you see goats eating pokeweed and say, "Wait a minute this is a poisonous plant [to livestock]" — it doesn't affect goats.

So bring on the goats!

Here in North Carolina I have done work to clear up pastures and an abandoned orchard. We used goats, and they did a wonderful job getting rid of all the invasive vegetation: broadleaf weeds, woody perennials like greenbrier, honeysuckle, black locust, multiflora rose. We have cleared areas full of kudzu [an incredibly invasive vine native to Asia]. We grazed several plots about six times from early June to early October and basically got rid of the kudzu. Maybe 3 percent of it grew back the next year. But if you want to get rid of plants with goats, you have to start early in the spring and [have the goats] defoliate everything, get rid of all the leaves. So the plant has to use root reserves to make the first leaves. And if you do that over and over, these plants spend all of their root reserves and cannot grow anymore.

But I guess you do have to be careful that goats won't eat plants you like.

If you leave the goats there all the time maybe they will be a little hungry and if they don't have any green matter to eat, they will start to debark trees because they know the sap is under the bark. They will kill trees. That's good or bad, depending on the trees.

Can any plant harm a goat?

A lot of ornamental plants are poisonous to goats. Piedmont azalea are not going to necessarily kill goats unless they eat a lot but would make them really sick and throw up. Once they have that experience they would stay away from these plants.

There are a lot of goats in the developing world. Do people there use goats to clear unwanted vegetation?

In Africa they don't use goats to clean a pasture. But they do use the boughs of whatever woody shrubs are around to feed their goats.

Do goats eat tin cans?

Naw, it's just a joke. They are very curious. And so they are going to try to eat a lot of things that we see as crazy. But even when they see a piece of plastic they are not going to eat it. They just take it in their mouth and spit it out.

So no to plastic. What about paper?

We had a student working in one of the pastures at a little station where we used to record temperature, soil moisture, wind speed in a notepad. The student put the notepad down to do something with one goat. When she turned around, one month of data had disappeared! She thought she would be fired on the spot. We laughed so hard.

Problem with goats is they eat the **** out of everything. Whatever you turn them out on will be bare dirt if you leave them on long enough.

And you need a hell of a fence.

I'm immune to poison ivy. Or at least not sensitive to it like others.


Discovered it as a kid playing in the woods near our house. Everyone of my friends got it. I didn't. So we went back and I rolled my arm in it. Nothing. Told my parents, accused me of lying. Took then down there and walked through it and pulled it up with my hands. Nothing happened. Parents told the doctor on the next visit. He didnt believe it either, dismissed it out of hand, Said my parents must think another plant is poison ivy, told them about the other kids getting it from the same plant, he said your mistaken no human is immune from poison ivy.


Last time I ran into to it was at the in-laws farm clearing out brush and land. Was clearing out an area, The people I was with started yelling thats poison ivy, get out of there. Nothing happened but did have gloves on.

Yup. They don't even eat some of it. I've seen them completely strip the bark off of willow trees just because they are seemingly bored. They chew it up and then spit it on the ground and go back for more.

About 25% of the population is "Less sensitive" to urushiol, the oil in poison ivy. But the doc is correct, nobody is really truly immune to it.

Could go in historical photos, except it isn't a photo

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And you say there is no God !!!ROFLROFL

Take your quackery to DC.

.

I feel like I'm a little higher in Tantalum than that.

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